Pete Kaiser, Lisa Rothwell, Stuart Avery and Sucharitha Balu
Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 2004, 28: 375-394
Cytokines- an evolutionary perspective
Abstract
As the adaptive immune system arose in jawed vertebrates, a reasonable working hypothesis is that cytokines involved exclusively in controlling the adaptive immune system, e.g. T1 and T2 cytokines, will only be found in jawed vertebrates whilst those with a role in innate responses, e.g. type I IFNs or pro-inflammatory cytokines, will be universal, or have functional equivalents in 'lower' animals.
Progress to date in cloning cytokines, including interleukins, in vertebrates outside of mammals is limited and non-existent in invertebrates. T1 and T2 interleukins have only been cloned in birds. Receptors for T1 and T2 interleukins have been cloned in fish, however, suggesting the presence of the corresponding interleukins. Pro-inflammatory interleukins have been cloned in birds, fish and amphibia, but not reptiles. Cross-reactive bioassays, polyclonal antisera and mAbs suggest that an IL-6-like factor exists in starfish, as yet the only evidence for innate immune response cytokines in 'lower' animals.
Author Keywords: Interleukin; Evolution; T helper; T regulatory; Pro-inflammatory cytokine; T1-T2 paradigm; Innate immunity; Adaptive immunity
Abbreviations: aa, amino acid; BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome; bp, base pair; BP, binding protein; CAF, chemotactic and angiogenic factor; cDNA, complementary DNA; CM, conditioned medium; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; ConA, concanavalin A; CRE, cyclic AMP responsive element; CT, cardiotrophin; DC, dendritic cell; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; EBV, Epstein Barr virus; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EST, expressed sequence tag; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; GPA, growth promoting activity; GRE, glucocorticoid responsive element; HCMV, human cytomegalovirus; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; kb, kilobase; kDa, kilodalton; LIF, leukaemia inhibitory factor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mAb, monoclonal antibody; MDV, Marek's disease virus; MHC, major histocompatability complex; MLR, mixed lymphocyte reaction; mRNA, messenger RNA; MW, molecular weight; NF, nuclear factor; NK, natural killer; nt, nucleotide; ORF, open reading frame; OS, obese strain; OSM, oncostatin M; PBL, peripheral blood leukocyte; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PEMS, poult enteritis and mortality syndrome; PHA, phytohaemagglutin; pI, isoelectric point; PMNL, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; R, receptor; RacP, receptor accessory protein; RCE, retinoblastomal control element; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR; SAT, spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis; SRE, serum responsive element; TCR, T cell receptor; Th, T helper; TIR, Toll/IL-1R; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; Tr, T regulatory; UMIST, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology; UTR, untranslated region; YAC, yeast artificial chromosome
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